Phase I trials test new treatments for safety in humans and any harmful side effects. These studies usually include a limited number of patients who would not be helped by other known treatments

Phase II trials determine whether the new treatment is effective against specific tumors. A small number of people participate because risks and benefits are largely unknown.

Phase III trials compare the result of people taking the new treatment with results of people taking standard treatment. Phase III testing occurs only when a protocol shows promise in Phases I and II. Phase III trials may include hundreds of people around the country.

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